ENR 1  GENERAL RULES and PROCEDURES

ENR 1.1  GENERAL RULES

1.INTRODUCTION
The air traffic rules and procedures applicable to air traffic within the Khartoum FIR are conform with Annexes 2 and 11 of the Convention on Civil Aviation and to those portions of the Procedures for Air Navigation Services – Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Services, and the Regional Supplementary Procedures applicable to the MID Region, except for the differences as listed in GEN 1.7.
 
2.       FLIGHTS ON AIRWAYS (AREA CONTROL)
2.1Introduction
2.1.1Areas of responsibility for the control of flights on airways and the units providing this service are shown in ENR 2.1
2.1.2Separation is based on:
a)       Estimated and actual times over position reporting points;
b)       Reports of visual sighting;
c)       Radar identification.
Note: As position reports are most commonly used it is important for estimates to be revised and notified to the ACC if more than 3 minutes in error.
 
2.2Communications and Radio Navigation Requirements
2.2.1All aircraft operating under IFR or VFR within controlled airspace shall be equipped with appropriate communications and navigation equipment enabling them:
a)       To maintain two-way communication with the appropriate ATC unit. The minimum requirement is VHF R/T equipment suitable for communicating on ATC frequencies.
b)       To maintain track within the lateral limits of the airway and to navigate in accordance with ATC instructions. The minimum requirement is one radio compass.
2.2.2 The pilot-in-command shall obtain an air traffic clearance prior to operating in a controlled airspace.
     
2.2.3 All ACFT operating in south sudan airspace must use TCAS since our radio can not cover the whole of south sudan airspace .Thus ,any ACFT which has no TACAS will not be allowed to operate.
2.3 Air Traffic Clearance
2.3.1An Air Traffic Clearance is an authorisation by ATC for an aircraft to proceed under specified conditions within controlled airspace’s. If for any reason an air traffic clearance is not acceptable to the pilot-in-command, he may request an alternative clearance.
2.3.2The pilot-in-command shall obtain an air traffic clearance prior to operating in a controlled airspace.
2.3.3An air traffic clearance will contain the following items:
a) Aircraft identification;
b) Clearance limit and route instruction;
c) Level assignment;
d) Departure instruction when necessary;
e) Approach instruction when necessary;
f) Clearance expiry time when necessary;
g) Any special instructions and information.
2.3.4Request for Amended Clearance. If the amended clearance is requested at a time a position report is made the information contained in that report shall be given on the assumption that the aircraft is proceeding in accordance with the current clearance, and not with that which is being requested.
2.3.5The contents of an air traffic control clearance or any revision thereto shall apply only to those portions of the flight conducted within controlled airspace.
2.3.6An air traffic control clearance may be issued direct to an aircraft by an ACC or through an aerodrome control unit or an air-ground HF R/T communications unit.
2.3.7Phrases used in air traffic clearances will have the following meanings:
a) Clearance expires at (Time).       If the aircraft is not airborne by the time stated, a new clearance shall be obtained.
b) Depart not before (Time).               An aircraft will not be cleared for departure until the time specified.2.3.4
C) Unable to approve                       When ATC is unable to approve the flight planned (flight planned level). level, an alternative level will be offered whenever possible, to avoid or reduce delay.
2.3.8A pilot-in-command operating under VFR in controlled airspace’s shall not enter instrument meteorological conditions without first obtaining an ATC clearance in accordance with the procedure laid down for flights joining airways. Until such clearance is received, the aircraft must remain in VMC.
2.3.9Where a flight plan specifies IFR for the first portion of a flight and VFR for the latter portion, the aircraft will normally be cleared to the point where IFR terminates (clearance is not necessary beyond that point unless within the TMAs and all CTRs).
2.3.10If an ATC clearance stipulates VFR climb or descent and it becomes evident to the pilot-in-command that VMC cannot be maintained, he shall hold in VMC and request an alternative clearance.
2.3.11The pilot-in-command having acknowledged an air traffic control clearance shall not deviate from the provisions of the clearance unless an amended clearance has been obtained.
2.3.12 A flight shall normally be cleared to the aerodrome of first intended landing, the point of leaving controlled airspace or in the case of a flight where prior coordination with an adjacent unit cannot be established the FIR boundary: this is known as the clearance limit.
2.3.13When an aircraft is cleared to an intermediate point en-route and further ATC clearance is required, this will, wherever possible be issued at least 15 minutes before the aircraft arrives at the clearance limit, unless the pilot-in-command is instructed to hold over the intermediate point until a specified time.
2.3.14 In the event of an aircraft arriving at the clearance limit without having received a further clearance, the pilot-in-command shall immediately request a further clearance and hold in accordance with the specified holding pattern maintaining the last assigned cruising level until coordination facilities between Regional Control Centres exist, pilots on such routes must endeavour, when airborne, to contact the Area Control Centre of the next FIR which the aircraft is entering and obtain clearance to enter its Control Area before reaching the transfer point of the two ACCs.

When a flight operates successively in a control area subsequently along the advisory route or area, the clearance issued for the flight or any revisions thereto will only apply to those portions of the flight conducted within controlled airspace’s.
     
2.4Route and Level Assignment
2.4.1The pilot-in-command shall fly in strict accordance to the route specified by ATC. Deviation from the specified route may be permitted by ATC if traffic conditions permit.
2.4.2 Traffic permitting ATC will assign the flight planned level if in accordance with the table of semi-circular system of Cruising Levels. Cruising levels below the minimum specified in ENR 3.1 will not be assigned.
     
2.5Essential Traffic Information
2.5.1Essential traffic is that controlled traffic to which the provision of separation by ATC is applicable but, which in relation to a particular controlled traffic, does not have the required minimum separation.
2.5.2Essential traffic information shall be issued to controlled flights concerned whenever they constitute essential traffic to each other.
Note:       This information will inevitably relate to controlled flights which are cleared subject to maintaining own separation and remaining in visual meteorological conditions.
2.5.3Essential traffic information shall include:
a) Direction of flight of aircraft concerned;
b) Type of aircraft concerned;
c) Level(s) of aircraft concerned and estimated time of passing or if this is not available, the estimated time of arrival for the reporting point nearest to where the level will be crossed.
     
2.6 Departure Instructions
 
2.6.1To expedite departure, ATC may require a succeeding aircraft to do a “step-up” climb beneath the altitude or level of preceding aircraft, maintaining at least 1000 (or 2000) ft vertical separation as applicable.
2.6.2 ATC may instruct a departing aircraft to leave a reporting point at a specified time or to be at a specified level at a specified point or time. The pilot-in-command shall notify ATC if these instructions cannot be complied with.
 
2.7

Approach Instructions

2.7.1ATC clearance or control instructions for approach to an aerodrome or holding point will be issued to an arriving aircraft on initial contact with the appropriate ATC unit.
2.7.2The clearance will specify the clearance limit, route and level to be flown. An Expected Approach Time will be included if it is anticipated that the arriving aircraft will be required to hold.
2.7.3 An arriving aircraft IFR flight shall not be cleared for an initial approach below the appropriate minimum altitude as specified by the state concerned nor descend below the altitude unless:
a) the pilot has reported passing an appropriate point defined by a radio aid; or
b) the pilot reports that he has and can maintain the aerodrome in sight; or
c) the aircraft is conducting a visual approach; or
d) the aircraft’s position has been positively determined by the use of radar.
2.8Visual Approach
2.8.1a) An IFR flight may be cleared to execute a visual approach provided that the pilot can maintain visual reference to the terrain and: cleared; or
b) the pilot reports at the initial approach level or at any time during the instrument approach that the meteorological conditions are such that with reasonable assurance a visual approach and landing can be completed.
2.8.2Separation shall be provided between an aircraft cleared to execute visual approach and other arriving and departing aircraft.
2.8.3When the pilot of an IFR flight reports that he has and can maintain the aerodrome in sight, the flight may be cleared for visual approach provided the pilot has indicated such and the conditions of para 2.8.1 (a) and (b) are met.
2.9Weather Information
2.9.1 Weather information will be passed to inbound aircraft on request or when conditions fall below the following:
a) More than 3/8 cloud at or below 3000 ft; or
b) Visibility 9,3 km or less.
2.9.2Deterioration and improvement weather reports and significant weather information, e.g. severe turbulence, thunderstorms, etc. will be passed to all aircraft concerned.
2.10Aircraft Joining or Crossing Airways
2.10.1 Pilot-in-command of aircraft joining or crossing an airway will:
a) When flying under VFR outside the Terminal Areas and CTRs, notify the appropriate authority; or
b) When flying under IFR, or when joining or crossing the Terminal Areas and CTRs, request clearance from the appropriate authority not later than 10 minutes on VHF R/T or 20 minutes on HF R/T before joining or crossing.
2.10.2 An in-flight request or notification of intention to join an airway shall include the following information, as appropriate:
a) Aircraft identification
b) Aircraft type
c) Position
d) Level and flight conditions
e) Estimated time at point of joining
f) Desired level
g) Route and point of first intended landing
h) True airspeed
i) The words “request joining clearance”
2.10.3 An in-flight request or notification of intention to cross an airway shall include the following information:
a) Aircraft identification
b) Aircraft type c) True track
d) Place and estimated time of crossing
e) Desired crossing level
f) Ground speed
g) The words “request crossing clearance”
2.11VFR flight Crossing Airways
2.11.1VFR flights intending to cross airways below FL 145 outside the Terminal Areas/CTRs shall only cross them at various levels plus 500 ft at an angle of 90° to the direction of the airwaysCTRs, or as close as possible to this angle with the exception that
VFR flights shall NOT be operated:
a) by night in all airspace;
b) by day above FL 150 in all controlled airspace and advisory areas.
Note: VFR flights by day above FL 150 in uncontrolled airspace are permitted.
2.11.2In an emergency, where neither radar nor a procedural crossing can be obtained, an airway may be crossed at various levels plus 500 ft. The various levels referred to are flight levels of whole thousands in feet.
2.12Temporary Danger Areas on Airways
2.12.1Military operations, both air and ground frequently takes place within the Khartoum FIR. Danger areas will be promulgated by NOTAM, giving the reference point, vertical extent, radius and duration of the operation.
2.12.2Where danger areas infringe controlled airspace, the areas will not be available for use by civil aircraft at the levels affected.
2.13IFR Flights outside Terminal Areas and CTRs in VMC
2.13.1The pilot-in-command of an aircraft operating under IFR outside the Terminal Areas/CTRs below FL 150 may request a VFR clearance for any portion of the flight. In the absence of such a request, ATC will issue a full IFR clearance regardless of weather conditions.
2.13.2Outside the Terminal Areas/CTRs when necessary to expedite traffic, ATC may request a pilot-in-command operating under IFR below FL 150 to conduct portion of the flight under VFR. An alternative clearance will be issued if the pilot-in-command has any doubt as to his ability to maintain VFR.
2.14Airways under the special control of Khartoum – Special Requirements
2.14.1Airways traffic using aerodromes located beneath an airway shall call Aerodrome Control when within VHF range and, after obtaining all necessary information, shall contact the ACC for descent clearance, leaving the airway as instructed. The pilot-in-command shall notify the ACC of his ETD, route and desired level on the next leg of his flight. On leaving the airway, or when clear of other airways traffic, the aircraft will be transferred to aerodrome control for further instructions.
2.14.2Upon request the aircraft will be cleared to remain on the airway and commence descent from the navigational aid serving the destination airfield.
2.14.3Aircraft departing from an aerodrome beneath an airway shall obtain an air traffic clearance by notifying the ACC of ETD, route and desired level as early as possible. If the clearance is not received when ready for departure, the pilot-in-command may take off but shall repeat his request and shall maintain VFR in the airway provided this sector of the airway is not within the areas where VFR and IFR flights are regulated in accordance with IFR separation standards or stay clear of it until the clearance is received.
2.15Khartoum Terminal Area and Control Zone – Special Requirements
2.15.1All flights, IFR or VFR, conducted within the Khartoum Terminal Area/Control Zone are subject to an Air Traffic Clearance and are regulated in accordance with IFR separation standards.
2.15.2Control instructions for arriving and departing aircraft will be issued in accordance with ENR 1.1, Points 2.6 and 2.7.
3.       AIR TRAFFIC ADVISORY SERVICE
3.1Introduction
3.1.1Air Traffic Advisory Service is provided in areas or airspace where it is desirable to make information on collision hazards more effective than Flight Information Service provides, but facilities for the introduction of positive control are inadequate, or positive control cannot be applied for some reason; for example, inability to resolve airspace utilisation problems with other authorities concerned.
Note: Air Traffic Advisory Service is normally implemented as a temporary measure pending the implementation of positive control
3.1.2In addition to the provision of information on known traffic, Advisory Service offers suggestions and advice to assist the pilot-in-command to avoid collision with other aircraft.
3.1.3Generally, procedures in advisory areas or airspace are similar to those in control areas.
3.1.4Khartoum Control provides air Traffic Advisory Service within defined areas of responsibility using ICAO standard separation. Units and the areas or routes they serve are shown in ENR 3.
3.1.5Air Traffic Advisory Service does not provide for terrain clearance, which is the responsibility of the pilot-in-command.
3.1.6There is no obligation on the part of a pilot-in-command to make use of this service and it does not therefore afford the same degree of safety and cannot assume the same responsibilities as air traffic control service since there may be unknown or unreported traffic operating in the advisory area or airspace.
3.1.7The words “Advice” or “Suggested” will be used in advisory messages passed to the pilot-in-command by ATC. The pilot-in-command shall then indicate whether he intends to comply with the advice or suggestion.
3.1.8A flight in an advisory area or airspace will not be subject to an air traffic clearance, but any changes in flight plan or flight progress should be notified to ATC.
3.2Procedures
3.2.1In electing to use the air traffic advisory service within the specified advisory areas and airspace, the pilot-in-command shall comply with the procedures applicable to flights within controlled airspace.
3.2.2Requirements for the submission of a flight plan prior to departure or in flight are similar to those for flights in controlled airspace.
3.2.3Traffic intending to cross an advisory area or airspace should request the permission of ATC. If unable to effect direct contact, notification should be passed relay by another unit.
3.2.4In crossing the advisory area or airspace the pilot-in-command should in so far as possible select a point associated with a radio facility to assist accurate navigation; and should cross as nearly as possible at right angle to minimise the time spent in the advisory area or airspace and at a level, appropriate to its track selected from the table of quadrantal cruising levels for use by flights operating outside controlled airspace.
3.2.5 If operating IFR in an advisory area or airspace but not electing to use the air traffic advisory service, pilot-in-command should maintain a listening watch on the appropriate frequency and notify ATC of
a) Position, true airspeed, cruising level and route, at hourly intervals; and
b) Any intended change in route or cruising levels.
3.2.6The clearance limit of a flight will be the point at which the aircraft leaves the advisory area or airspace. Where the destination airfield is situated on an advisory area or airspace in Khartoum FIR the clearance limit will be the destination airfield.
4       FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE (FIS)
4.1Introduction
4.1.1Flight Information Service (FIS) is provided both within and outside controlled or advisory airspace by all ATS units.
4.1.2Within the Sudan FIR but outside controlled or advisory airspace, the Flight Information and Alerting Service established at Khartoum ACC will, for ease of reference, be known as Khartoum Flight Information and the Area Controller will normally carry out the duties of the Flight Information Controller.
4.1.3In addition to the normal Flight Information and Alerting Service provided by all ATS Units, the Flight Information Controller will provide extra services to aircraft, which communicate with him whilst they are flying outside controlled and advisory airspace.
4.2Scope of Flight Information Service
4.2.1 4.2.1 FIS shall include pertinent information concerning:
a) SIGMET warnings, both reported and forecast which may affect the safety of flight;
b) changes of serviceability of navigational and approach aids;
c) conditions of aerodromes and associated facilities;
d) other information which is considered pertinent to safety.
4.2.2 In addition to the information outlined in 4.2.1, FIS provided to IFR flights outside controlled and advisory airspace will include:
a) the acceptance of airborne flight plans;
b) the provision, when requested, of clearance to join or cross controlled airspace;
c) the passing of EATs to destination aerodromes outside controlled airspace under special circumstances (e.g. diversions);
d) warnings of proximity hazards;
e) weather conditions, both reported and forecast, at destination and alternate aerodromes.
4.2.3 In addition to the information outlined in 4.2.1, FIS provided to VFR flights will include:
a) weather conditions, both reported and forecast, which make flight under VFR impracticable.
4.3General Application
4.3.1FIS is provided at the discretion of the controller concerned or at the request of the pilot made either before departure or whilst in flight.
4.3.2In providing FIS, the controller is not provided with sufficient reliable information on all of the flights within the airspace for which he has limited responsibility to enable him to offer aircraft more than an information service. He has no authority to issue either clearances or instructions to aircraft in communication with him except when acting on behalf of other ATS
units possessing positive powers of control. Accordingly, the controller will usually preface his remarks with “you are informed that...”, when, in his opinion, an aircraft should be given certain information which may affect the conduct of flight.
4.3.3The provision of ATC Service shall normally take precedence over the provision of FIS.
4.4Proximity Warnings
4.4.1Due to many factors the Flight Information Controller cannot be provided with an accurate display of air traffic flying outside controlled airspace and advisory area. He cannot, therefore, supply an ATC Service, but is empowered to offer a proximity warning service to aircraft in communication with him.
4.4.2The Flight Information Controller cannot be expected to have a knowledge of all the geographical positions in the FIR and their proximity to each other, neither can he plot aircraft position reports given by different methods (i.e. latitude and longitude, bearing and distance, geographical positions, etc.) in order to forecast possible collision hazards.
4.4.3 The Flight Information Controller may offer a limited proximity warning service and may give traffic information to aircraft in communication with him as follows:
a) proximity warnings may be issued to aircraft when positive and self-evident information is received by the Fight Information Controller indicating that aircraft are, or will be in dangerous proximity to each other;
b) the Flight Information Controller may at his discretion, or on request, inform a pilot of the presence of other known traffic in the vicinity;
c) the issue of proximity warnings and traffic information is wholly at the discretion of the Flight Information Controller. As indicated above such information may be based on data of doubtful accuracy and completeness, therefore, the Flight Information Controller cannot assume responsibility for their issuance at all times nor for their accuracy.
4.4.44.4.4 The provision of ATC Service shall normally take precedence over the provision of FIS.
5.       AERODROME / APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE
5.1Introduction
5.1.1Aerodrome/Approach Control issue air traffic clearances, instructions and information to aircraft to ensure the safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic.
5.1.2In VMC, all aircraft flying in a control zone (CTR) or aerodrome traffic zone (ATZ) and all traffic on the manoeuvring area of the aerodrome (with the exception of the marshalling area) come under Aerodrome Control. This does not, however, relieve the pilot- in-command from the responsibility for avoiding collisions.
5.1.3In IMC, control of traffic on the runway in use in the air is shared between Aerodrome Control and Approach Control. Normally, departing aircraft are transferred to Approach Control when airborne, whilst arriving aircraft are transferred to Aerodrome Control when properly sequenced for approach to land. The actual point of transfer depends on traffic conditions and is arranged between the two units accordingly. Control of traffic on other parts of the manoeuvring area, with the exception of the marshalling area, is the responsibility of Aerodrome Control.
5.1.4CTR dimensions and controlling authorities are specified in ENR 3.
5.2Procedures
5.2.1Holding, instrument approach, arrival and departure procedures are specified in ENR 1.5.
5.2.2 radio communication shall be established with the appropriate Aerodrome/Approach Control Unit:
a) prior to taxiing for departure; or
b) when intending to operate in a CTR, CTA or ATZ.
5.2.3For IFR or VFR operations in a CTR, aircraft shall be equipped with appropriate two-way VHF radio apparatus, plus a radio compass. The appropriate Controlling Authority may grant exemptions.
5.2.4Aircraft shall call aerodrome/approach control on VHF approximately 10 minutes before ETA at the Zone boundary (or 20 minutes, where communications are on HF R/T).
5.2.5 A pilot-in-command under IFR or VFR about to enter, cross or operate within a CTR or ATZ shall:
a) notify aerodrome/approach control on the appropriate radio frequency of the aircraft’s position, level and track;
b) estimated time of crossing the zone boundary;
c) maintain a continuous listening watch of that frequency while the aircraft is within the zone;
d) navigate in accordance with the flight plan and ATC clearance;
e) carry out instructions received from aerodrome/approach control.
5.2.6 All flights within a control zone, by night or in IMC, shall be conducted in accordance with IFR or special authorisation by ATC. However at any time, in order to expedite traffic, ATC may authorise IFR flights to execute visual approaches if the pilot reports that he has the aerodrome in sight, can maintain visual reference to the surface and:
a) the reported cloud ceiling is not below the initial approach level for the aircraft cleared;
b) the pilot reports at any time during the initial or the intermediate approach procedure, that the visibility will permit a visual approach and he has reasonable assurance that the landing can be accomplished.
5.2.7VFR flights specially authorised by ATC and without radio, may be permitted in a CTR under special circumstances, subject to traffic permitting. In this case, permission shall be obtained before departure and the flight shall be conducted in strict accordance with such conditions as may be specified.
5.2.8Flights within a CTR may be specially authorised by ATC when weather conditions fall below the minima for VFR flights. Such flights when so authorised, shall be flown clear of cloud and in sight of the ground or water.
5.2.9Separation shall be effected between all specially authorised flights and between such flights and all IFR flights.
5.3Separation Standards
5.3.1Except within the controlled airspace where standard separation is provided to IFR flights, all flights VFR or IFR within CTRs will be regulated in accordance with IFR separation standards unless the conditions stated in ENR 1.7-8, para 10.2 e) I) and II) prevail. Though ATC services are not mandatory within ATZs, similar services are provided for aircraft within ATZs. Pilots are therefore requested to comply with instructions issued.
5.4Traffic and Taxi Circuits
5.4.1The following positions in the traffic and taxi circuits are the positions where aircraft normally request and, depending on the traffic situation, receive air traffic control clearances and instructions:
a) Parking Position. Aircraft requests start-up approval, if required, and taxi instruction for departure.
b) Holding Point. Aircraft reports ready for departure, if requested. Departing aircraft are held at this point until permission to line up or take-off clearance can be issued.
c) Take-off Position. Take-off clearance shall be issued here if not practicable at position b).

d) Downwind. Aircraft reports on downwind if requested. Landing clearance may be issued.
e) Base. Aircraft reports on base leg if requested. Landing clearance may be issued if not practicable at position d).

f) Final. Aircraft reports on final if requested. Landing clearance shall be issued if not practicable at positions d) or e).
g) Turn-off Position. Taxi instruction to the apron or the instruction to contact ground control resp. apron shall be issued.


Note:At grass aerodromes, the area to be used for landing is regarded as the runway for the purpose of reporting position in the circuit.
5.5Use of Runway
5.5.1The Aerodrome/Approach Controller will nominate the runway direction according to prevailing circumstances.
5.5.2Notwithstanding the runway direction nominated by ATC, the pilot-in-command shall ensure that there is sufficient length of run and that the crosswind or downwind component is within the operational limits of each particular operation. If the nominated runway direction is not suitable for these reasons or for any other safety reason, he may request for an alternative runway direction. The decision to undertake a take-off or a landing on a water-affected runway or when the presence of birds has been advised rests solely with the pilot-in-command.
5.5.3 Unless prior permission has been obtained from ATC, the pilot-in-command of an aircraft that has been cleared for take-off shall not hold on the runway-in-use.
 
5.5.4During daylight hours, in VMC, an aircraft may be cleared to continue approach to a runway occupied by a proceeding aircraft but clearance to land will not be given until the runway is vacated.
5.6Closure of Aerodromes
5.6.1Aircraft will not be refused permission to land or take-off from airfields in Khartoum FIR solely because of adverse weather conditions. The pilot-in-command of public transport aircraft shall be responsible for operations in accordance with applicable company weather minima.
5.6.2Aerodromes will be closed
a) when the surface of the landing area is unfit e.g. soft surface or dangerous obstruction on the manoeuvring area; or
b) at such other times and in conditions specified by NOTAM.
5.6.3In emergency an aircraft will be permitted to land regardless of the conditions of the aerodrome or aerodrome facilities, but the pilot will be advised of these conditions.
5.7Air Traffic Clearance
5.7.1All flights within a CTR or ATZ, irrespective of weather conditions, require an air traffic clearance. This is not applicable in airspace where VFR flights are permissible and for such flights an ATC clearance is not necessary.
5.7.2The pilot-in-command of an aircraft departing from a CTR shall obtain an air traffic clearance prior to departure.
5.7.3 A clearance to enter or to cross a CTR or ATZ will include the following information:
a) a clearance limit and holding instructions, if necessary;
b) the route to be flown; and
c) the altitude or flight level.
5.8Suspension of VFR Flights
5.8.1 VFR flights shall not be permitted to take-off or land at an aerodrome within a control5.8. zone/aerodrome traffic zone or enter the traffic pattern
a) when 4/8 or more of cloud ceiling is less than 2500 ft; or
b) when the ground visibility is less than 9.2 km (5 NM).
5.9Start-Up Procedures
5.9.1The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall listen out on the appropriate aerodrome control tower frequency as early as possible prior to starting engines in anticipation of an instruction or a message that may come from ATC. When ready to start, ATC must be immediately advised so that there would be sufficient time for the issue of Airway clearance to the aircraft.
5.9.2 For all aircraft operating at the airfields within Control Zones at which Aerodrome Control Services are provided, prescribed procedures below shall apply. The pilot-in-command shall:
a) just prior to starting engines, obtain a start-up clearance;
b) after start-up, obtain ATC clearance;
c) report ready for take-off.
5.9.3Departing aircraft will be instructed when to change from aerodrome/approach to en-route/airways control frequency.
5.10Aerodrome Traffic Zone
5.10.1pilots-in-command of aircraft operating at airfields within Aerodrome Traffic Zones are also requested to comply with the above procedures.
5.11Taxiing
5.11.1A pilot-in-command shall obtain clearance before leaving the parking area.
Note : Taxi clearance will relate to movement on the manoeuvring area, but excluding the marshalling area.
5.11.2Aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area will be regulated by ATC to avoid or reduce possible conflict and will be provided with a traffic information and alerting service.
5.11.3The pilot-in-command shall not taxi his aircraft on to the runway in use except with the permission of aerodrome control.
5.12Take-Off and Landing
5.12.1The pilot-in-command shall not take-off or land without a clearance from aerodrome control.
5.12.2The pilot-in-command shall not run-up on the runway in use unless authorised by aerodrome control. Engine run-ups may be carried out in the holding pan or taxiway holding point clear of the runway in use.
5.12.3After landing, the pilot-in-command shall vacate the runway by the shortest possible route or in accordance with instructions from aerodrome control.
5.12.4Non-radio equipped aircraft shall stop after vacating the runway and watch for light signals from aerodrome control tower.
5.13Arriving Aircraft
5.13.1The pilot-in-command of an arriving aircraft shall contact the appropriate approach control 10 minutes before entering the CTR or ATZ.
5.13.2 Arriving IFR traffic operating into a controlled aerodrome will be issued with the following weather information:
a) wind direction and speed;
b) visibility;
c) present weather;
d) cloud base and amount;
e) QNH; and
f) Any other significant meteorological information.
Note:       If the aircraft reports VMC below cloud and it is apparent that it can maintain VMC, only the surface wind and appropriate pressure need be given unless a full report is requested by the pilot.
5.14Instrument Approach
5.14.1Instrument approaches are specified in AD.
5.14.2An expected approach time will be issued on initial contact with approach control. Any revisions will be notified immediately to the pilot-in-command.
5.15Missed Approach
5.15.1n the event of a missed approach the pilot-in-command shall carry out the published missed approach specified in AD.
5.16Aerodrome Flight Information Service
5.16.1A flight information service is provided at certain notified aerodromes where no Air Traffic Control is established.
5.16.2This Service is called “Aerodrome Flight Information Service” and it is provided at some of the less busy aerodromes and airstrips where lack of suitable staff or scarcity of movements precludes the establishment of an Aerodrome Control Service.
5.16.3The function of the “Aerodrome Flight Information Service” is to provide certain vital information to pilots wishing to land. It is not an Air traffic Service.
5.16.4Pilots will be given the information they require but will be expected to decide for themselves what action they should take. For example, they will be told the wind direction and speed but they will have to make up their own minds which runway should be used. They can however be advised of the direction of the runway nearest in to wind, but this need not necessary be used.
5.16.5The fundamental difference between the “Aerodrome Flight Information Service” and an Air Traffic Control Service such as Aerodrome or Approach Control Service is that in the Aerodrome Flight Information Service, no “Control” of aircraft is exercised nor are instructions passed to pilots. It is essentially an advisory service.
5.16.6 The Aerodrome Flight Information Service will operate as follows:
a) provision of aerodrome weather information;
b) information of the state of serviceability of the aerodrome and its facilities;
c) provision of information on vehicular traffic on the manoeuvring area;
d) provision of aerodrome crash and fire services and alerting of other local emergency services;
e) provision of emergency aerodrome lighting.
5.17Special VFR Flight
5.17.1A Special VFR Flight provides flexibility during Instrument Meteorological Conditions (or at night, if so authorised by the Civil Aviation Authority), in a control zone to a pilot who is unable to comply with Instrument Flight Rules.
5.17.2Special VFR flights may be authorised to enter a control zone for the purpose of landing or take-off and depart directly from a control zone.
5.17.3Special VFR flights may be authorised only when the ground visibility is not less than 1,85 km (1 NM).
5.17.4Special VFR flights must not be allowed to hinder or interfere with IFR flights and must therefore be regarded as a concession, which will be granted when traffic conditions permit. IFR flights take precedence over Special VFR Flights.
5.17.5A Special VFR clearance shall be issued only when specifically requested by a pilot.
5.17.6 A pilot requesting a Special VFR clearance shall:
a) submit a flight plan or a flight notification;
b) comply with ATC instructions;
c) be responsible for ensuring that he flies within the limitations of his licence;
d) be responsible for ensuring that he is able to remain clear of cloud, in sight of the surface and keep clear of obstacles;
e) be responsible for maintaining the minimum safe altitude/low flying restrictions as prescribed in ENR 3.
5.17.7Authorisation for Special VFR Flights will depend upon traffic conditions, the extend of the proposed flight and whether or not air/ground communications can be maintained.
5.17.8Special VFR Flights will not normally be given a specific level to fly; they will be merely instructed to remain clear of cloud and in sight of the surface. However, if it is necessary to maintain vertical separation from other aircraft above, the Special VFR aircraft may be required to remain below a specified level.
5.18Application of General Flight Rules
5.18.1Aircraft flying under Special VFR authorisation are subject to the general flight rules. Compliance with these rules is the responsibility of the pilot.
6.       LIGHT AIRCRAFT OPERATION
6.1General
6.1.1Light aircraft operations will normally be conducted under VFR. Request for operation under IFR may be approved if the aircraft is suitable equipped and the pilot appropriately rated. IFR flights will be regulated in accordance with the procedural system.
6..1.2Flight notification shall be given by telephone or by filing a flight plan prior to departure. Flight notification by means of R/T should be avoided.
6.1.3 For circuits and landings or local flights in the vicinity of an aerodrome of not more than one hour’s duration, verbal flight notification is acceptable. The following information should be given:
a) aircraft identification;
b) name of pilot;
c) numbers of persons on board;
d) ETD; e) flight duration;
f) total endurance;
g) area of flight.
6.1.4For flights other than those classified in 6.1.3, a flight plan shall be filed.
6.1.5Light aircraft engaged on flying training or proceeding outside a CTR/ATZ shall maintain VHF communication.
6.1.6Non-radio equipped aircraft may operate at an airfield at the discretion of ATC when traffic conditions permit. The light signals specified in Appendix “A” shall be strictly adhered to.
6.1.7Light aircraft engaged on airways procedural flights shall, in addition to radio communication apparatus, be equipped with a radio compass.
6.1.8Where a grass strip is available, light aircraft will use the grass strip, but if the strip is unserviceable ATC approval may be sought for the runway to be used.
6.1.9Non-radio equipped aircraft will be controlled by the prescribed lamp from the Tower and, in-flight, shall acknowledge by rocking the wings.
6.1.10Aircraft not in radio contact will be given light signals on downwind and final positions as shown in Appendix “A”.
APPENDIX “A”
LIGHT SIGNALS
LIGHT
t towards aircraft concerned) 		AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHTAIRCRAFT ON THE GROUND
Steady GreenCLEARED TO LANDCLEARED FOR TAKE-OFF
Steady RedGIVE WAY TO OTHER AIRCRAFT AND CONTINUE CIRCLINGSTOP
Series of Green FlashesRETURN FOR LANDINGCLEARED TO TAXI
Series of Red FlashesAERODROME UNSAFE, DO NOT LANDTAXI CLEAR OF LANDING AREA IN USE
Series of White FlashesLAND AT THIS AERODROME AND PROCEED TO APRON*RETURN TO THE STARTING POINT ON THE AERODROME
Red Flares of pyro techniqueNOTWITHSTANDING ANY PREVIOUS INSTRUCTIONS; DO NOT LAND FOR THE TIME BEING
* Authorisation to land will be there after given as a Steady Green Light